| Título : | An introduction to natural theology | | Tipo de documento: | texto impreso | | Autores: | Holloway, Maurice | | Editorial: | Appleton-Century-Crofts | | Fecha de publicación: | 1961 | | Número de páginas: | 492 | | Nota general: | <08290> | | Palabras clave: | TEOLOGIA NATURAL. | | Clasificación: | 214/H71 | | Resumen: | FOREWORD VII
PREFACE XIII
I. THE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL THEOLOGY 1
1. Scientific Knowledge 2
2. The Meaning of Habit 3
3. A More complete definition of the Science of Methaphysics 7
4. Methaphysical Knowledge is Scientific Knowledge 7
5. Causes tha give scientific knowledge arte two-fold 8
6. Scientific knowledge is knowledge gained through reasoning 9
7. First Thruths about being are known by simple understanding 10
8. The habit of first principles and the habit of sciende contrasted 11
9. The material and formal subject of methaphysics 12
10. The Material and Formal object of Methaphysics 13
11. Methaphysics and natural theology are the same science 14
12. The definition of natural theology 15
13. The difference between Natural Theology and Religion 21
14. The difference between natural theology and religion 21
15. The technical meaning of “religion” 22
16. The Characteristics of Natural Theology 23
17. The Man of science and the natural theologian 28
18. Summary of the chapter 32
19. Selcted passage from St. Thomas 38
2. CAN GOD’S EXISTENCE BE DEMONSTRATED? 40
1. No science Proves the existence of its own subject 40
2. Natural thology is an exception 41
3. Approaching the problem 43
4. Classic objections against demonstrating god’s existence 44
5. The answers to these objections 46
6. Objections that state god’s existence must be held only on faith 49
7. The objections answered 51
8. Conclusion 53
9. Summary passage from St. Thomas 58
3. THE NATURE AND VALIDITY OF A POSTERIORI DEMONSTRATION 61
1. The notion of a proper cause 61
2. These observations solve many seeming difficulties 63
3. The nature of this demonstration 65
4. The origin of first principles 68
5. The principle of causality 72
6. The evidence of change 72
7. Another formulation of the principle of causality 74
8. Summary of the chapter 76
4. THE FICE WAYS OF ST. THOMAS 80
A. The first way: proof from the experience of motion 80
1. Statement of the problem 80
2. The solution 81
3. Whatever is changed is changed by another 81
4. In things that are changed by another an infinite
regress is impossible 83
5. This first unmoved mover is pure act or God 84
6. Answerin the Objections 84
7. Summary of the first Way 88
B. The second Way: Proof from the existence of efficient causes 91
1. Statement of the problem 91
2. The solution 91
3. Answerins the objections 99
4. Summary of the second way 102
C. The third way: proof from the existence of corruptible beings 104
1. Prenote 104
2. Solution 105
3. Answering the objections 112
4. Summary of the Third Way 116
D. The fourth way: Proof of God’s Existence from grades of
perfection in beings 119
1. Statement of the problem 119
2. Solution 119
3. The Proof of the fourth way 124
4. Some added considerations 127
5. Answering the objections 129
6. Summary of the fourth way 131
E. The fifth way: The proof of the existence of God from the finalized activity
of Natural beings 134
1. Prenote 134
2. The problem of the fifth way 136
3. Solution 137
4. Answering the objections 142
5. Summary of the fifth way 149
F. Appendix to fifth way: Can the existence of God, under th term of a supreme
lawgiver, be proved from the existence of moral obligation? 154
G. Can the Wxistence of God be demonstrated from the existence of a general
consensus of mankind? 155
H. A general proof for God’s existence 156
5. Man’s knowledge of the divine nature 161
A. How the nature of God Cannot be known 161
1. The problem of knowing the nature of God 161
2. Division of the problem 162
3. Is the divine nature intelligible in itself? 163
4. Is the divine nature intelligible for us? 163
5. Statement of the problem 164
6. Intuition of the divine nature impossible for Man 166
7. The solution to this problem 167
8. Summary 169
9. Answering the objections 170
10. The natural knowledge of the separated soul 171
B. How the nature of God can be known 172
1. Question: Can the huma mind achieve any knowledge about God? 172
2. Solution 173
3. Univocal effects 174
4. Analogous effects 175
C. A threefold way of knowing about God 179
1. Man’s knowledge of angels 182
2. Conclusion 182
3. Answering the objections 183
D. Summary of the chapter 185
6. THE PROBLEM OF NAMING GOD 194
1. Can God be named? 194
2. Objections against the possibility of naming God 195
3. Principles that govern our naming of God 196
4. Solution 196
5. Answering the objections 197
6. A final observation 199
7. What name most aptly signifies the divine essence? 200
8. “He who is” an subsistent being itself 201
9. “Who is” or subsistent eing signifies God’s essence as known by Us 201
10. First consideration: Proper and metaphorical use of name 203
11. The solution 204
12. Answering the objections 205
13. Summary 206
14. Relative application of names to God and Creatures 206
15. Names signifying perfections of being an being are not said of God
and creatures univocally 207
16. Names signifiying perfections of being as being are not said of God
and creatures equivocally 208
17. Names signifying perfectinos of being as being are said of God
and creatures analogously 210
18. Difference between a univocal and analogous concept 210
19. The problem of analogy 212
20. No direct likeness between creatures and God seems possible 214
21. No indirect likeness seems possible 215
22. The solution to this problem 216
23. Answering the objections 218
24. Conclusion 221
25. Summary of the chapter 222
7. THE PERFECTIONS OF GOD 228
A. Divisions of the Divine Perfections 229
1. The divine perfection of simplicity 231
2. God is absolutely simple 231
3. Solution 231
4. General proof 233
5. Answering the objections 233
6. God is completely perfect 234
7. Proof 235
B. How the perfections of creatures pre-exist in God 235
1. Prenote 235
2. Solution 235
3. Second solution 237
4. Answering the objections 241
C. God is infinite and supremely good 242
1. Prenote 242
2. Is the being of God really infinite or Without limit? 243
3. Solution 244
4. Answering the objections 244
5. Is God supremely good? 245
D. How the divine perfections are distinct from the divine essence and
from each other 248
1. Question: Does the plurality of meanings that the divine attributes
have exist only in our intellect or also in God? 249
2. Solution 250
3. The opinion of Avicenna and Maimonides 252
4. The opinion of the pseudo-Denis and St.Anselm 253
5. Reonciliation of these opinions 254
6. Answering the difficulties 257
7. Summary of the chapter 258
8. THE OMNIPRESENCE, INMUTABILITY, AND ETERNITY OF GOD 261
1. Is God present in all existing things? 261
2. Is God present everywhere – in all places? 262
3. Only God is present everywhere 264
4. Is the divine being entirely inmutable? 265
5. Only God in entirely unchangeable 266
6. God is eternal 269
7. Only God is eternal 272
8. Summary of the Chapter 273
9. GOD’S KNOWLEDGE OF HIMSELF AND OTHER THINGS 276
A. God’s knowledge of himself 277
1. Is there knowledge in God? 277
2. Does God Know himself 281
3. Does God Comprehend himself? 284
4. God’s act of knowledge and act of being are the same 286
5. The essence of God is subsistent truth 287
6. Is the Truth of God the cause of the truth of things? 288
7. Summary 289
B. God’s knowledge of other things 290
1. Does God know anything other than himself? 290
2. How does God know things other than himself? 294
3. Does God know creatures in their own proper natures? 302
4. Some clarifying examples 305
5. God’s knowledge is immutable 306
C. The Life of God 307
1. What does it mean to live? 307
2. Is there life in God? 208
D. Summary of the Chapter 310
10. THE PERFECTION OF WILL IN GOD 315
A. How God wills and loves himself and creatures 316
B. Wheter there is free choice in God and his inmutability? 327
C. How reconcile free choice in God and his inmutability? 327
D. How reconcile God’s inmutability with man’s free choice? 328
E. Summary of the chapter 332
11. CREATION 337
The Manner in wich the World comes from God 337
12. DIVINE PROVIDENCE AND DIVINE POWER 362
A. The existence and nature of providence 363
B. The presence of evil in creatures not contradict the presence of
providence in God 368
C. God Governs creatures through the mediation of other creatures 375
D. Does the prayer of petition to God make any sense? 378
F. Summary of the chapter 385
13. GOD AS THE END OF MAN 388
1. Is there power in God? 381
2. Is God’s power infinite? 381
3. Can God’s Power do all things? 382
APPENDICES
A. SOME INVALID PHILOSOPHICAL PROOFS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD 393
1. The experience of Descartes 393
2. Rejection of the argument of Descartes 397
3. Leibniz’s argument from the notion of a necessary being 400
4. Leibniz’s argument rejected 402
5. Conclusion 403
B. AGNOSTICISM 405
A. The historical predecessors of modern agnosticism 407
1. Moses Maimonides 407
2. The philosophy of nomination. William of Ockham 408
3. The pseudo-mystics and the “Reformation” 414
B. The modern agnostics 415
1. Pure agnosticism 415
2. Dogmatic agnosticism 421
C. SOME INVALID PROOFS FROM SCIENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD 445
1. Can God’s existence be proved from the law of the
transformation of energy? 445
2. Rejection of this proof 447
3. Practical use of this argument 449
4. Can God’s existence be proved from the origin of life? 450
5. Rejection of the biological argument 452
6. Can the biological argument be made valid? 453
7. Observations regardinf proofs taken from positive science 455
D. GOD AND EXISTENSIALISM 458
1. Prenote 458
2. What is existensialism? 459
3. Some radical existencialists 460
E. ATHEISM 469
1. Some preliminary notions 469
2. A brief history of atheism 470
3. On the actual existence of atheists and their culpability 471
4. Conclusion 474
5. The problem of the positive atheist 475
F. MAN’S NATURAL DESIRE FOR THE BEATIFIC VISION 478
1. The text of St. Thomas 478
2. Man’s natural desire for the vision of God
INDEX
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An introduction to natural theology [texto impreso] / Holloway, Maurice . - [S.l.] : Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1961 . - 492. <08290> | Palabras clave: | TEOLOGIA NATURAL. | | Clasificación: | 214/H71 | | Resumen: | FOREWORD VII
PREFACE XIII
I. THE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL THEOLOGY 1
1. Scientific Knowledge 2
2. The Meaning of Habit 3
3. A More complete definition of the Science of Methaphysics 7
4. Methaphysical Knowledge is Scientific Knowledge 7
5. Causes tha give scientific knowledge arte two-fold 8
6. Scientific knowledge is knowledge gained through reasoning 9
7. First Thruths about being are known by simple understanding 10
8. The habit of first principles and the habit of sciende contrasted 11
9. The material and formal subject of methaphysics 12
10. The Material and Formal object of Methaphysics 13
11. Methaphysics and natural theology are the same science 14
12. The definition of natural theology 15
13. The difference between Natural Theology and Religion 21
14. The difference between natural theology and religion 21
15. The technical meaning of “religion” 22
16. The Characteristics of Natural Theology 23
17. The Man of science and the natural theologian 28
18. Summary of the chapter 32
19. Selcted passage from St. Thomas 38
2. CAN GOD’S EXISTENCE BE DEMONSTRATED? 40
1. No science Proves the existence of its own subject 40
2. Natural thology is an exception 41
3. Approaching the problem 43
4. Classic objections against demonstrating god’s existence 44
5. The answers to these objections 46
6. Objections that state god’s existence must be held only on faith 49
7. The objections answered 51
8. Conclusion 53
9. Summary passage from St. Thomas 58
3. THE NATURE AND VALIDITY OF A POSTERIORI DEMONSTRATION 61
1. The notion of a proper cause 61
2. These observations solve many seeming difficulties 63
3. The nature of this demonstration 65
4. The origin of first principles 68
5. The principle of causality 72
6. The evidence of change 72
7. Another formulation of the principle of causality 74
8. Summary of the chapter 76
4. THE FICE WAYS OF ST. THOMAS 80
A. The first way: proof from the experience of motion 80
1. Statement of the problem 80
2. The solution 81
3. Whatever is changed is changed by another 81
4. In things that are changed by another an infinite
regress is impossible 83
5. This first unmoved mover is pure act or God 84
6. Answerin the Objections 84
7. Summary of the first Way 88
B. The second Way: Proof from the existence of efficient causes 91
1. Statement of the problem 91
2. The solution 91
3. Answerins the objections 99
4. Summary of the second way 102
C. The third way: proof from the existence of corruptible beings 104
1. Prenote 104
2. Solution 105
3. Answering the objections 112
4. Summary of the Third Way 116
D. The fourth way: Proof of God’s Existence from grades of
perfection in beings 119
1. Statement of the problem 119
2. Solution 119
3. The Proof of the fourth way 124
4. Some added considerations 127
5. Answering the objections 129
6. Summary of the fourth way 131
E. The fifth way: The proof of the existence of God from the finalized activity
of Natural beings 134
1. Prenote 134
2. The problem of the fifth way 136
3. Solution 137
4. Answering the objections 142
5. Summary of the fifth way 149
F. Appendix to fifth way: Can the existence of God, under th term of a supreme
lawgiver, be proved from the existence of moral obligation? 154
G. Can the Wxistence of God be demonstrated from the existence of a general
consensus of mankind? 155
H. A general proof for God’s existence 156
5. Man’s knowledge of the divine nature 161
A. How the nature of God Cannot be known 161
1. The problem of knowing the nature of God 161
2. Division of the problem 162
3. Is the divine nature intelligible in itself? 163
4. Is the divine nature intelligible for us? 163
5. Statement of the problem 164
6. Intuition of the divine nature impossible for Man 166
7. The solution to this problem 167
8. Summary 169
9. Answering the objections 170
10. The natural knowledge of the separated soul 171
B. How the nature of God can be known 172
1. Question: Can the huma mind achieve any knowledge about God? 172
2. Solution 173
3. Univocal effects 174
4. Analogous effects 175
C. A threefold way of knowing about God 179
1. Man’s knowledge of angels 182
2. Conclusion 182
3. Answering the objections 183
D. Summary of the chapter 185
6. THE PROBLEM OF NAMING GOD 194
1. Can God be named? 194
2. Objections against the possibility of naming God 195
3. Principles that govern our naming of God 196
4. Solution 196
5. Answering the objections 197
6. A final observation 199
7. What name most aptly signifies the divine essence? 200
8. “He who is” an subsistent being itself 201
9. “Who is” or subsistent eing signifies God’s essence as known by Us 201
10. First consideration: Proper and metaphorical use of name 203
11. The solution 204
12. Answering the objections 205
13. Summary 206
14. Relative application of names to God and Creatures 206
15. Names signifying perfections of being an being are not said of God
and creatures univocally 207
16. Names signifiying perfections of being as being are not said of God
and creatures equivocally 208
17. Names signifying perfectinos of being as being are said of God
and creatures analogously 210
18. Difference between a univocal and analogous concept 210
19. The problem of analogy 212
20. No direct likeness between creatures and God seems possible 214
21. No indirect likeness seems possible 215
22. The solution to this problem 216
23. Answering the objections 218
24. Conclusion 221
25. Summary of the chapter 222
7. THE PERFECTIONS OF GOD 228
A. Divisions of the Divine Perfections 229
1. The divine perfection of simplicity 231
2. God is absolutely simple 231
3. Solution 231
4. General proof 233
5. Answering the objections 233
6. God is completely perfect 234
7. Proof 235
B. How the perfections of creatures pre-exist in God 235
1. Prenote 235
2. Solution 235
3. Second solution 237
4. Answering the objections 241
C. God is infinite and supremely good 242
1. Prenote 242
2. Is the being of God really infinite or Without limit? 243
3. Solution 244
4. Answering the objections 244
5. Is God supremely good? 245
D. How the divine perfections are distinct from the divine essence and
from each other 248
1. Question: Does the plurality of meanings that the divine attributes
have exist only in our intellect or also in God? 249
2. Solution 250
3. The opinion of Avicenna and Maimonides 252
4. The opinion of the pseudo-Denis and St.Anselm 253
5. Reonciliation of these opinions 254
6. Answering the difficulties 257
7. Summary of the chapter 258
8. THE OMNIPRESENCE, INMUTABILITY, AND ETERNITY OF GOD 261
1. Is God present in all existing things? 261
2. Is God present everywhere – in all places? 262
3. Only God is present everywhere 264
4. Is the divine being entirely inmutable? 265
5. Only God in entirely unchangeable 266
6. God is eternal 269
7. Only God is eternal 272
8. Summary of the Chapter 273
9. GOD’S KNOWLEDGE OF HIMSELF AND OTHER THINGS 276
A. God’s knowledge of himself 277
1. Is there knowledge in God? 277
2. Does God Know himself 281
3. Does God Comprehend himself? 284
4. God’s act of knowledge and act of being are the same 286
5. The essence of God is subsistent truth 287
6. Is the Truth of God the cause of the truth of things? 288
7. Summary 289
B. God’s knowledge of other things 290
1. Does God know anything other than himself? 290
2. How does God know things other than himself? 294
3. Does God know creatures in their own proper natures? 302
4. Some clarifying examples 305
5. God’s knowledge is immutable 306
C. The Life of God 307
1. What does it mean to live? 307
2. Is there life in God? 208
D. Summary of the Chapter 310
10. THE PERFECTION OF WILL IN GOD 315
A. How God wills and loves himself and creatures 316
B. Wheter there is free choice in God and his inmutability? 327
C. How reconcile free choice in God and his inmutability? 327
D. How reconcile God’s inmutability with man’s free choice? 328
E. Summary of the chapter 332
11. CREATION 337
The Manner in wich the World comes from God 337
12. DIVINE PROVIDENCE AND DIVINE POWER 362
A. The existence and nature of providence 363
B. The presence of evil in creatures not contradict the presence of
providence in God 368
C. God Governs creatures through the mediation of other creatures 375
D. Does the prayer of petition to God make any sense? 378
F. Summary of the chapter 385
13. GOD AS THE END OF MAN 388
1. Is there power in God? 381
2. Is God’s power infinite? 381
3. Can God’s Power do all things? 382
APPENDICES
A. SOME INVALID PHILOSOPHICAL PROOFS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD 393
1. The experience of Descartes 393
2. Rejection of the argument of Descartes 397
3. Leibniz’s argument from the notion of a necessary being 400
4. Leibniz’s argument rejected 402
5. Conclusion 403
B. AGNOSTICISM 405
A. The historical predecessors of modern agnosticism 407
1. Moses Maimonides 407
2. The philosophy of nomination. William of Ockham 408
3. The pseudo-mystics and the “Reformation” 414
B. The modern agnostics 415
1. Pure agnosticism 415
2. Dogmatic agnosticism 421
C. SOME INVALID PROOFS FROM SCIENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD 445
1. Can God’s existence be proved from the law of the
transformation of energy? 445
2. Rejection of this proof 447
3. Practical use of this argument 449
4. Can God’s existence be proved from the origin of life? 450
5. Rejection of the biological argument 452
6. Can the biological argument be made valid? 453
7. Observations regardinf proofs taken from positive science 455
D. GOD AND EXISTENSIALISM 458
1. Prenote 458
2. What is existensialism? 459
3. Some radical existencialists 460
E. ATHEISM 469
1. Some preliminary notions 469
2. A brief history of atheism 470
3. On the actual existence of atheists and their culpability 471
4. Conclusion 474
5. The problem of the positive atheist 475
F. MAN’S NATURAL DESIRE FOR THE BEATIFIC VISION 478
1. The text of St. Thomas 478
2. Man’s natural desire for the vision of God
INDEX
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